This resulted in an alternate compression and relaxation of the chest cavity as a result of the bouncing of the body on the horse. This procedure as banned across the United States in as a result of complaints by "Citizens for Clean Beaches".
Mouth to Mouth replaced chest pressure except for babies resuscitated by midwives. Anesthetics were also introduced in , resulting in an increase in respiratory arrest in people under medical supervision! As late as , manual ventilation was given low priority, concentration was on maintaining body heat. These were the same recommendations as provided by the Dutch nearly years earlier.
A significant change in priorities occurred when Marshall Hall challenged the conventional wisdom of the Society. His contention that time was lost transporting the victim; that the restoration of warmth without some type of ventilation was detrimental; that fresh air was beneficial; and that if left in the supine position, the victim's tongue would fallback and occlude the airway.
Because the bellows were no longer an option, Marshall Hall developed a manual method in which the victim was rolled from stomach to side 16 times a minute. In addition, pressure was applied to the victim's back while the victim was prone expiratory phase. Tidal volumes of ml to ml were achieved and soon became adopted by the Royal Humane Society.
A now obsolete method of artificially resuscitating still-born children, and for restoring persons apparently drowned or dead. The patient would be on his or her back, with arms raised to the sides of the head, held there temporarily, then brought down and pressed against the chest.
Movement repeated 16 times per minute. Friedrich Maass performed the first equivocally documented chest compression in humans. Late - Tongue stretching. Other methods still used included stretching the rectum, rubbing the body, tickling the throat with a feather, waving strong salts, such as ammonia, under the victim's nose.
In , French authors recommended tongue stretching. This procedure was described as holding the victim's mouth open while pulling the tongue forcefully and rhythmically. Prone position, hands under head, expire by pressing on chest, inspire by lifting elbows. James Elam was the first to prove that expired air was sufficient to maintain adequate oxygenation and by Peter Safar and James Elam invented mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
The next major step in resuscitation was closed chest massage which was introduced in the 's by Dr. Kowenhoven, The crucial aspect of this technique is that the patient receives oxygen which is transported to the brain by the development of a minimal blood circulation.
On this basis many national and international guidelines to perform CPR came out. The earliest documented instance of a person being revived by mouth-to-mouth resuscitation also known as "expired-air respiration" took place on 3 December in the Clackmannanshire town of Alloa in Scotland, UK. The incident was described by surgeon William Trossach in volume 5, part 2 of the Edinburgh Society's Medical Essays and Observations , published in The patient was a man called James Blair, who had been one of the first to descend into a coal mine following a fire.
He had been overwhelmed by fumes and collapsed at the bottom of a long ladder. William Trossach estimated that Blair lay in the mine for between 30 and 45 minutes, before being pulled back out by a second rescue team. George Crile reported the first successful use of external chest compressions in human resuscitation.
George Crile. The American Heart Association started a program to acquaint physicians with close-chest cardiac resuscitation and became the forerunner of CPR training for the general public.
The conference was the direct result of requests from the American National Red Cross and other agencies to establish standardized training and performance standards for CPR. He helped train over , people the first two years of the programs. This was to allow the limbs to gradually bend and flex. If the victim did not respond, it was time to stop [ 1 ]. In , Marshall Hall advanced the chest-pressure method, which was modified in by Silvester to become the chest-pressure arm-lift method in supine patients.
Fourteen variants of this technique continued to be practiced with fervor until the s [ 2 ]. These two methods of the chest compression are similar, although they are from different countries, this also can confirm that the ancient people are really clever.
We need to learn more about the ancient record. The descendants of Dr. This detailed description of CPR was about a thousand years prior to the first report in the West. This is very impressive considering the lack of physiological knowledge, modern equipments and delays of experienced rescuers to reach the victim.
Artificial respiration was emphasized during the Jin Dynasty period. In this book, Dr. Ge described that a reed pipe was inserted from the mouth to the throat and another person blew through it after blocking the nostrils. If the patient has borborygmus, the airway may be considered unobstructed. The person who lifted the patient should continue to do so, and not put the patient down.
Rescuers shall periodically relieve the one supporting respiration. The process was halted if the patient recovered enough to speak [ 4 ]. Peter Safar, an anesthesiologist, in the mid-twentieth century investigated various techniques for airway management.
Ge advised rescuers to place the powder of Chinese honeylocust fruits or Chinese crinum leaf into the nostrils. The strong smell caused a sneeze or similar robust exhalation through nasal irritation and helped to recover respiration [ 3 ].
This can be repeated several times until the patient can breathe smoothly. When the patient recovered respiration, then drug assisted rescue, such as with the powder of websterite and clove a kind of traditional Chinese medicine cooked in a soupwould help them to wake up.
This book emphasized resuscitation methods with artificial respiration and this was the basic of modern resuscitation in China. The ancient Chinese physicians combined the steps for first-aid and they paid more attention to artificial respiration in the Jin and Sixth Dynasties. It is the earliest record of the etiology, pathogenesis and syndromes of diseases in China. Although hanging was known to close the Yin and Yang main and collateral channels, some Yang Qi remained around the viscera, so the hanged man might be saved.
Several points were presented: 1 cardiac resuscitation should begin as early as possible, 2 it was equally important to restore breathing and circulation [ 6 ]. To resuscitate a person, it said to lay them flat, plug their ears, and insert a hollow bamboo tube into their mouth.
Two people alternately blew into the tube. Efforts were to be ended half a day later if the patient was not resuscitated. Another method had rescuers blow an irritating or strong smelling powder into the nose. As patients recovered consciousness they were fed Lan Qing Juice a type of traditional Chinese medicine.
In a fourth step of resuscitation, rescuers applied acupuncture and moxibustion to points in the limbs [ 7 ]. This was also a prototype of an oropharyngeal airway. Still, both of these work had great influences on later generations. According to recent research the book should be ascribed to the North Song Dynasty, but the writer is unknown [ 8 ]. We used to think the writer was Hua Tuo.
All of these history is the basic of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in modern medical. Also, since Napoleon came after , Tossach should come first [ 12 ]. The Paris Academy of Sciences officially recommended mouth-to mouth resuscitation from drowning in the year The Chinese techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation had spread to Japan and were widely accepted.
These treatises emphasized the difficulty of saving a hanged victim, especially if they were hanged with a fine line and cut deeply. In these cases, rescuers should be quick to lift the person and untie the knot without cutting the rope. The rescuers were to rub the ligature mark left by the line, and manipulate the trachea while pressing the chest and belly. Another rescuer performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Raising the head should be done quickly and the head should not be lowered.
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