Follow standard precautions to help prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens and other diseases whenever there is a risk of exposure to blood or other body fluids.
These precautions require that all blood and other body fluids be treated as if they are infectious. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene and using personal protective equipment PPE , engineering controls, work practice controls, and proper equipment cleaning and spill cleanup procedures.
Although developed for healthcare professionals, universal precautions should be taken by anyone who may have contact with blood or body fluids. Universal Precautions The concept and practice of universal precautions UP was introduced as a new strategy for isolation following the epidemic of HIV, after needlestick injuries were documented as a source for healthcare workers being infected from the blood of positive patients. This approach began the era of recognizing that all patients should be placed on blood and body fluid precautions as many undiagnosed patients are potentially a source of infection.
Body Substance Isolation After a few years of study, a new form of isolation known as body substance isolation BSI , was proposed in BSI focused on the isolation of all moist and potentially infectious body substances from all patients, regardless of their presumed infection status, primarily through the use of gloves.
The airborne route of transmission was introduced and nurses would determine use of masks. In conjunction with standard precautions, transmission-based precautions were introduced to reduce the risk of airborne, droplet, and contact transmission in hospitals.
Standard precautions includes hand hygiene, and depending on the anticipated exposure, use of gloves, gown, mask, eye protection, or face shield. Also, patient-care equipment or items must be handled in a manner to prevent transmission of infectious agents, e. Eventually, the CDC introduced safe injection practices, infection control practices for special lumbar puncture procedures, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette into the guide. In the absence of visible soiling of hands, approved alcohol-based products for hand disinfection are preferred over antimicrobial or plain soap and water because of their superior microbiocidal activity, reduced drying of the skin, and convenience.
Personal Protective Equipment PPE : Gloves are worn when staff is anticipating contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items and when touching mucous membranes and nonintact skin. Mask, eye and face protection are worn during procedures and patient-care activities likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, especially suctioning, endotracheal intubation.
Patient-care equipment should be handled in a manner that prevents transfer of microorganisms to others and to the environment; wear gloves if visibly contaminated; perform hand hygiene. Environmental controls for routine care, cleaning, and disinfection of environmental surfaces should be used, especially frequently touched surfaces in patient-care areas. Textiles and laundry are to be handled in a manner that prevents transfer of microorganisms to others and to the environment.
Safe injection practice includes an extensive list of practices that enhance safety for patients and employees. Infection control practices for special lumbar puncture procedures include wearing of a surgical mask when placing a catheter or injecting material into the spinal canal or subdural space i.
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